39 CANAJOHARIE - PALATINE BRIDGE 56

By New York Central R.R., New York, 197 m.; Buffalo, 242 m.; sea elevation, 286 ft. Canajoharie is also known as "Beech-Nut Town." Palatine Bridge takes its name from the settlement just northeast of Palatine Germans (from the Rhine Palatinate) about 1720-1722.

Canajoharie is a Mohawk word meaning "the pot which washes itself," or "the boiling pot," from a large pothole in the picturesque gorge of Canajoharie creek here entering river.

New York 203 m.; Buffalo 245 m., by highway. 1920 population, Canajoharie, 2,415; Palatine Bridge, 443. Bus lines to Sharon Springs, Fort Plain, St. Johnsville, Little Falls.

Food products, paper and cotton bags are the principal industries. Canajoharie incorporated a village in 1829, Palatine Bridge, 1867. Bridge here across Mohawk and here is Barge canal Lock No. 14, Dam No. 9. Canajoharie's model food packing plant is open to the public. The local bag making and printing factory is one of the largest and finest in the world.

Fort Frey (!739), near Central station, is the site of first settlement here, by Frey, a Swiss, in 1689. Van Alstine house (1749) in Canajoharie, is famous as a Revolutionary patriot meeting place of the Tryon County Committee of Safety (1776-1783). Washington stopped here in 1783. Marker shows the mobilization (1779) of General Clinton's American army for overland portage and march to Otsego lake; site of Battle of Stone Arabia (1780), 1 m. northeast of Central station. Canajoharie falls, 1 m. south, pretty but difficult of access. Wagner sleeping car (1858), passenger car elevated roof (1859) and palace car (1867) invented at Palatine Bridge. New York Central lines freight traffic originated here in 1836. Colonial style stone Frey house (1808) in Palatine Bridge.

Optional detour, going west, north to Stone Arabia churches, 4 m. Reformed church (1788), Lutheran (1792), center of first Palatine German valley settlement (1722), return to Turnpike westward at Nelliston. Roads south, Canajoharie to Cherry Valley and Otsego lake, southeast to Sharon Springs, Cobleskill, through Catskills to Catskill on the Hudson. Palatine Bridge is Turnpike half-way point between Schenectady and Utica. The road the Otsego lake is "Clinton's Road" - Gen. Clinton's army route of 1779; also known as the Continental Road.

For Stone Arabia detour, after passing left hand (south) street to the Canajoharie bridge, take the first right hand (north) street over concrete road to Stone Arabia Reformed church, 4 m., for motorists going west. This route runs north to Ephratah and Johnstown (1922), thence to Garoga and Canada lakes and Adirondack region.

42  FORT PLAIN - NELLISTON  53

By New York Central R.R., New York, 200 m.; Buffalo, 239 m.; sea elevation, 294 ft. Fort Plain takes its name from Revolutionary Fort Plain (1776-83). Also called "Little Old Fort Plain." Parts known after the Revolution as Sand Hill and Totoville.

New York, 206 m., Buffalo, 242 m., by highway. 1920 population, Fort Plain, 2,747; Nelliston, 664. Fort Plain made a village in 1832, Nelliston in 1878. Knit goods, silk, furniture and condensed milk manufactured here. Center of dairy and fruit country, large quantities of plums being raised hereabouts. Bridge across Mohawk. Barge canal Lock No. 15, Dam No. 10 here. Otsquago (meaning "under the bridge") creek here enters the Mohawk.

Settled by Palatine Germans about 1725. Ehle house (1727-1755) in Nelliston, near Central station. Paris store (1786), now Bleecker house, in Fort Plain. Wagner-Fayant (1921) house is on cellar of British colonial Governor Clarke's, 1738-42, Summer house.

The "Otsquago Trail" is the road southwest to Otsego lake along Otsquago creek.

Road west, over Dutchtown road, 14 m., to Gen. Herkimer Home, gives fine upland valley and mountain views.

Roads northeast to Stone Arabia, Ephratah and Johnstown, Gloversville, Adirondacks, Garoga and Canada lakes.

Bus lines to Cherry Valley, Canajoharie, St. Johnsville, Little Falls.

At Cherry Valley, 12 m. s.e., occurred one of the most terrible Tory-Indian massacres of the Revolution, 1778.

Site of castle of Tortoise clan, middle Mohawk castle of Tarajorees (1700-1755) on Prospect Hill. Fort Hill, site of Fort Plain, 1776 - Fort Rensselaer, valley military headquarters (1780-1783). Section scene of Brant's Indian-Tory raid, 1780. Fort Plain roads south to Cherry Valley, Otsego lake, Cooperstown (where baseball was invented in 1840) and Richfield Springs. Nelliston named for the Palatine-German Nellis family. Note valley views to south, going west on Turnpike. Pass Fort Wagner (old stone farmhouse), 2 m. west, built 1750.

Cross Garoga creek to

45  PALATINE CHURCH  50

New York, 209 m., Buffalo, 239 m., by highway; sea elevation, 302 ft. The north side river section, from Yosts to Little Falls, was called Palatine in 1772, hence the name which is now applied to Palatine township (Montgomery county), in which the church and hamlet are located, names coming from settlers from Rhine Palatinate, who settled here about 1725.

The most terrific Indian battle in the Mohawk valley took place near present Palatine Church (probably 1-1/2 m. e. on Garoga creek) in 1693. A French-Canadian Indian war party burned all the Mohawk villages and took and burned the Upper Castle of Tionondogue, after a bloody battle where 300 Mohawks were made prisoners. About opposite Palatine Church, in 1634, stood the great Mohawk castle of Tenotogehage, with over 1,000 people.

Palatine Lutheran church (1770), American army camp, after Battle of Klock's Field, Oct. 19, 1780. Gen. Cochran house, 1790, west of church, north side of Turnpike, home of Dr. John Cochran, Surgeon General of U.S. Hospitals, 1781-3; close friend of Washington. Fort Klock (1750) is two miles west, close to St. Johnsville, and marks site of Battle of Klock's Field, Oct. 19, 1780, when American militia defeated Johnson's British raiders. Garoga creek has important electrical development to the north. Garoga means "dark and sullen waters," or "savage waters."

48  ST. JOHNSVILLE  47

By New York Central R.R., New York, 206 m.; Buffalo, 233 m.; sea elevation, 302 ft. The town takes it name from St. John's Reformed church, established about 1750.

New York 212 m., Buffalo 236 m., by highway. 1920 population, 2,469. Knit goods, threshers, felt shoes, piano players and records are chief manufactures.

Settled by Palatine Germans about 1725. Village started by Jacob Zimmerman's flour mill in 1776. Village incorporated 1857. Picturesque Zimmerman creek here enters Mohawk. Bridge here across river. Middle point between Schenectady and Rome on the Mohawk Turnpike.

A picturesque and scenic upland valley detour may be made from here to Dolgeville, returning to the river on Fall Hill to Little Falls. Ask as to road conditions. Bus line to Little Falls, Fort Plain, Canajoharie.

Barge canal Lock No. 16, Dam No. 12, is at Mindenville, 2 m. w. of St. Johnsville. Optional detour to south side river road to Indian Castle, 6 m., where Indian Castle church (1769) marks site of castle of Bear clan or the Upper or Canajoharie Castle of the Mohawks (1700-1775), home of Mohawk chieftains, King Hendrick and Joseph Brant and Molly Brant, housekeeper of Sir William Johnson.

Mindenville is a station on the West Shore R.R.

The 1921 preferred route, going west to the General Herkimer Home is by detour to south shore from Fink's Bridge, thence 1 m. east to the first turn left going east from bridge, thence over State Reservation road 3/4 m. to Home.

Going west, 2-1/2 m., from St. Johnsville, note on the south shore, Barge canal Lock No. 16, Dam No. 12, where canal leaves river channel for first time, going west, and runs in a land line, 3 m. west, of the original river channel paralleling it, and in the river here can be seen one of the river rifts, or rapids, which made old-time river navigation difficult and dangerous.

  
56  DOLGEVILLE (BY DETOUR)  55

1920 population, 3,448. By highway, New York, 224 m.; Buffalo, 244 m, via detour from St. Johnsville. Via detour from Little Falls, New York, 230 m.; Buffalo, 234 m. By New York Central (via Little Falls and Dolgeville branch), New York, 224 m.; Buffalo, 231 m. Sea elevation, lowest 760 ft.; highest, 1,020 ft., in the park.

The village of Dolgeville is reached by detour 8 m. north from the Mohawk Turnpike over roads from St. Johnsville, East Creek, Fall Hill and Little Falls. All four routes give fine upland rides through a splendid dairy farm country with beautiful and extensive views of the Mohawk valley and the Adirondack foothills, at the edge of which Dolgeville lies. Dolgeville has rail connection with Little Falls over the Little Falls and Dolgeville railroad (terminus at Salisbury Centre) a branch of the New York Central. Motor bus connection with Little Falls. Roads run north into the southern Adirondack region. Felt manufactures and hydro-electric plant here.

Settled about 1795. Named for Alfred Dolge, who established the town's felt industry.

  
51  EAST CREEK  44

By New York Central R.R., New York, 209 m.; Buffalo, 238 m.; by highway, New York, 215 m.; Buffalo, 233 m.; sea elevation, 322 ft.

Site of British Fort Canajoharie (1754-60), on south shore opposite outlet of East creek, where it guarded a ford.

Beautiful falls one mile north on East Canada creek. East Canada creek is so named because its source (in the Adirondacks) was in lands claimed by France in Colonial days. East Creek has important electrical development here, and at Ingham Mills, 5 m., and Dolgeville, 8 m., to which road leads just west of East Creek bridge. This is a fine scenic route to Dolgeville, returning to Mohawk Turnpike at Little Falls west or St. Johnsville east. Ask about roads.

Note the ruined Beardsley stone "castle" just west of Central station. The run w. 7 m., to Little Falls, is through beautiful farming country with fine river views approaching the rugged, forest covered cliffs of Fall Hill (north and south shores). One stretch of this run is through a half-mile of fine forest.

53  INDIAN CASTLE  42

Going west from East Creek, note, on the south shore, the mouth of Nowadaga (mud turtle) creek. Back of it to the south Indian Castle (1769) church is seen, standing near the site of the Great Upper (Canajoharie) Castle of the Mohawks (1693-1775). Just west in river is Rocky Rift Dam.

Site of British Colonial Fort Hendrick (1756-1760).

Indian Castle is a station on the West Shore railroad.

At 54 m. is the yellow brick house of Major Andrew Fink, Revolutionary valley soldier, and 1/8 m. w. stands a red brick house, willed to Molly Brant by Sir William Johnson.

Running westward you see on the south shore, a famous landmark - the General Herkimer Home (red brick house, built 1764), with the American flag always flying, and the Gen. Herkimer monument nearby.

56  FINK'S BRIDGE (FALL HILL)  39

New York, 221 m.; Buffalo, 227 m., by highway; sea elevation, 322 ft.

Bridge here across river. Fall Hill, the upper uplift of the Mohawk, rises north of Turnpike to sea elevation of 1,060 ft. or 740 ft. above river; on south river shore to 860 ft. or 540 ft. above Mohawk. Fink's Bridge is named for Major Andrew Fink, a Mohawk valley Revolutionary officer, who built the inn here.

For detour to General Herkimer Home (open free to public), after passing Turnpike inn and running under bridge, turn to right on bridge roadway, cross Fink's bridge to south shore highway, running east 1 m. and take first turn to left at General Herkimer Homestead sign, run 1/4 m. through Herkimer Home State Reservation (160-acre farm) to

  
57  GENERAL HERKIMER HOMESTEAD  40

Built by General Nicholas Herkimer (1764), who commanded American militia at Battle of Oriskany (Aug. 6, 1777), where he was mortally wounded, brought by river and litter to his home here where he died (following amputation of his wounded leg) Aug. 16, 1777. Monument marks his grave. Historical collections open free to the public. Herkimer farm and house (State reservation) under Herkimer Home Commission. Beautiful site and views of Fall Hill.

Picnicking grounds and comfort station. Rest pavilion is on the General's stone "powder chest," or underground powder magazine, used in the Revolution.

Here is the first of the markers, erected 1912, by D. A. R. Mohawk valley chapters, marking Gen. Herkimer's route to Oriskany battlefield (34 m.).

By highway the Herkimer Home is 221 miles from New York and 229 miles from Buffalo.

Going east, south shore highway detour may be continued over State road 2 m. to Indian Castle church (1769), near site of Great Upper Castle of the Mohawks (1693-1775), thence east over (1921) dirt road through Mindenville, 5-1/2 m., recrossing river to Mohawk Turnpike at St. Johnsville, 8 miles. Motorists are advised to inquire as to condition of south shore river road from Indian Castle to St. Johnsville. This run may also be continued eastward from Gen. Herkimer Home, past Indian Castle church, straight ahead over upland (Dutchtown). State road through fine farming country, with splendid views of the Adirondacks and Cherry Valley mountains, to Fort Plain, 14 m.

  
LITTLE FALLS GORGE

Returning west, from the General Herkimer Home, cross Fink's bridge to the Mohawk Turnpike on the north shore. Fall Hill ridge (on both shores) was the site of a great post-glacial Mohawk river cataract, rivaling present-day Niagara. Glacial ice and the waters of the ancient mighty Mohawk here wore down this backbone of the Appalachian mountain system, creating Little Falls gorge and making possible the New York to Buffalo "water level" route.

The Little Falls Gorge is not only the "Gateway to the West," but it is the "Watergate of America," affording a passage between the waters of the Hudson and the Great Lakes over the Barge canal route.

BARGE CANAL BIG LOCK

Going west from Fink's bridge, you enter Little Falls Gorge, 2 m. long; 1/2 m. west from the bridge is the Great Barge canal lock (40-1/2 ft. lift), largest in North America and higher than any on the Panama canal. Going west on right or north side of lock is Moss Island, on which are the world's greatest pot holes (one being 20 ft. across), worn by the action of post-glacial cataract. River westward to lower falls here reaches depth of 130 feet, greatest along whole length, its greatest depth being due to the erosion of the ancient great cataract.

Over New York Central R.R., New York, 216 m.; Buffalo, 223 m; sea elevation, 322-1/2 ft. below Big Lock, 363 ft. above it.

New York, 222 m., Buffalo, 226 m., by highway. 1920 population, 13,029. City limits rise to over 1,000 ft. sea elevation, highest of any town on New York-Buffalo highway. River here cut a way through the backbone of the Applachian mountain chain. The Rollaway (400 ft. above river), Lover's Leap, Profile rock and Moss Island are scenic features. Largest pot holes on earth on Moss Island. Splendid valley views from high Fall Hill roads, accessible from city. Ask as to road conditions. Bridge here across Mohawk.

City is named Little Falls in distinction from the Great Falls of the Mohawk at Cohoes, 1 m. from its outlet into the Hudson opposite Troy. The city's slogan is "Picturesque, Productive Little Falls." Located between the great rock cliffs of the Gorge, Little Falls is the actual geographical and historical "Gateway to the West." The Mohawk Indian name of Little Falls was As-te-ron-ga, meaning "rocky place."

Water power of the Little Falls started the city's industries, chief of which (1921) are knit goods, leather, bicycles, dairy machinery, incubators, cotton yarn, batting, book cases, felt shoes, dairy preparations and butter color, upholstery fibre, knit goods machinery. Largest calfskin finishing works in U.S., and here are the largest tissue paper, bicycle and hammer works in the world.

Old carrying place of Indians and first settlers. Important portage place of Colonial and Revolutionary wars. Settled about 1723 and Petrie flour mill built on Furnace creek, 1725. Only the Petrie house here up to 1790, when New England settlement began with later Irish influx. All lands subject to lease up to 1836, when proprietor was bought out by local land company. Early American lock canal here constructed (1 mile through solid rock) in 1797. American cheese making started near city in 1800 and Little Falls was chief American cheese market up to 1900. City chartered a village in 1814, a city in 1895. New York Central here makes one of the sharpest curves (entering city from east) of any railroad line in the United States.

Little Falls is midway (72-1/2 m.) between Syracuse and Albany, on highway. Western city limits mark half-way distance between New York and Buffalo - 224 m. to each point over the highway. Electric road west to Rome. Bus lines to Dolgeville, St. Johnsville, Fort Plain, Canajoharie and Richfield Springs. Roads north to Dolgeville and other Adirondack regions, and south to Richfield Springs, Canadarago lake, Cooperstown and Otsego lake.

Aeroplane landing field located here.

Railroad connection with Dolgeville (8 m. n. e. on East Canada creek), with important felt manufactures. optional detour, going west, crossing river to south shore road to Fort Herkimer Church (built 1767 and part of Revolutionary Fort Herkimer, 1776-1783), 6 m. to Mohawk, 8 m., better reached by detour south on south shore road from Herkimer and Mohawk. On Mohawk Turnpike, going west from Little Falls, are fine views of river gorge. Three m. w. of Little Falls on south shore rises Jacksonburg Mt., or Mt. Kouari (Bear Mountain), 1,380 ft. above sea level and 1,017 ft. above Mohawk river. At Jacksonburgh W.S.R.R. station marks half-way point in railway distance (220 m.) between New York and Buffalo. Here is Barge canal Lock No. 18.

The Little Falls Country club, situated on the plateau opposite Jacksonburgh, marks the half-way New York to Buffalo railway distance over the New York Central, about 219 m. to each point. Beautiful river views west to Herkimer.

Cross West Canada creek, 60 m. long and second largest Mohawk tributary with important electrical development northward at Trenton Falls. Hinckley reservoir, on the West Canada, is important Barge canal feeder. Cross bridge to

65 HERKIMER 30

By New York Central R.R., New York, 223 m.. Buffalo, 216 m.; the distances applying also to Mohawk, the Central station serving both towns. Sea elevation, 363 ft. Herkimer is the county seat of Herkimer county, named for General Herkimer. Herkimer's slogan is "Herkimer lead, Herkimer leads."

New York, 229 m., Buffalo, 219 m., by highway. 1920 population, 10,453. Village incorporated 1857. Largest desk manufacturing center in U.S. Knit goods (underwear), furniture, air rifles, bookcases, paper fibre, gloves, nut picks, nut crackers made here. First American wood pulp printing paper made here in 1866.

Bridge here connecting Herkimer with Mohawk. Motorists going west, generally cross here to south side to Utica, 15 m. The south shore road is old Revolutionary military road to Fort Stanwix (1758-1781), at present Rome. The Mohawk Turnpike on north shore, west from Herkimer to Utica, 15 m., and Rome, 30 m., is also used. Bus line up West Canada creek valley road to Middleville, Newport, Poland, Cold Brook. Herkimer county fair held here.

Settled 1722-5 by Palatine Germans. French-Indian attack and massacre, 1757; Indian raids, 1778, 1782; Reformed church and marker site of Fort Dayton (1776), from which Gen Herkimer's American militia valley regiment marched, August 4, 1777, to Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777. Statues of Gen. Herkimer and U.S. Treasurer Spinner in park; Herkimer Historical Society open free. Terminus of New York Central (Mohawk & Malone) branch and of electric road south to Richfield Springs and Cooperstown. Roads north up West Canada creek valley to Adirondacks, over the "Kuyahoora Trail."

West of Herkimer the north shore Turnpike runs through North Ilion, North Frankfort and the hamlets of East Schuyler and Schuyler, through a fertile and picturesque farming country to Deerfield Corners (settled 1785), now North Utica. This was Gen. Herkimer's route in 1777 to the Oriskany battlefield, marked in 1912 by the Mohawk Valley chapters of the D. A. R.

The east bridge over river connects with Fort Herkimer.

  
64  FORT HERKIMER CHURCH  31

By highway, New York, 228 m.; Buffalo, 220 m.; sea elevation, 363 ft.

Fort Herkimer church, on the south shore turnpike, is generally reached by detour from Herkimer or Mohawk. It can be reached over south shore turnpike going west from Little Falls. Inquire as to road conditions.

This church was the central and main defense of the stockaded post of Revolutionary Fort Herkimer, 1776-1783. The name comes from Johan Jost Herkimer, the leading Palatine-German pioneer, who located here about 1722, the place soon becoming known as "Herkimer's." Just east of here was the British Colonial Fort Herkimer, an important frontier post, 1756-1760, near where a marker shows the birthplace of Gen. Nicholas Herkimer, 1728. This Reformed Dutch church was then also (1754-1760) a British Colonial fortification. The church was completed in 1767, after building for twenty years. Many Colonial and Revolutionary soldiers are buried in the church yard and even under the church. Gen. Herkimer and other severely wounded American soldiers were brought here by boat from Old Fort Schuyler the night following the Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777. Many important Revolutionary and Indian councils were held here.

Gen. Washington was here in 1783 and made this a river depot for the western army posts. This is the only Revolutionary army post remaining on the Mohawk turnpikes.

  
66  MOHAWK  29

Sea elevation, 383 ft. The town takes its name from the Mohawk tribe of Iroquois Indians.

New York, 230 m., Buffalo, 218 m., by highway. 1920 population, 2,919. Village chartered 1844. Mohawk is first town of the Mohawk -Ilion-Frankfort (1921) village community lying five miles along the Mohawk south shore, with combined 1920 population of 17,286. Knit goods are (1921) chief manufacture. Barge canal Dam No. 14 here located. Fulmer creek here enters river. Co. I, 10th Inf., New York National Guard Armory here located. Champion 1923 marksmen, National Guard, U.S.A.

First settled by Palatine Germans, 1722-5. Shoemaker house, where Butler was captured, 1777. Detour, going east, on south side to Fort Herkimer church (1767), 2 m. State road and trolley south, Mohawk to Richfield Springs, Canadarago lake to Cooperstown and Otsego lake and Oneonta, known as the "Leatherstocking Trail."

68  ILION  27

By New York Central R.R. (from North Ilion station), New York, 225 m., Buffalo, 214 m.; sea elevation, 383 ft. Strawberries are (1921) largely raised in surrounding country.

New York, 232 m., Buffalo, 216 m., by highway. 1920 population, 10,169. Village incorporated 1852. Rifles, ammunition, typewriters, cash registers, steel office, show case and store fixtures chief (1921) manufactures. Bridge here across Mohawk to Central station, called North Ilion. The city is named from ancient Ilium (or Troy) of the Trojans.

First settled by Palatine Germans, 1722-5. Considerable New England immigration began in 1784. Eliphalet Remington made first Remington rifle at Crane's Corners, 5 m. southwest of Ilion, in 1816; removed to Ilion 1832. Great quantities of U.S.A. rifles made here in Civil and World wars. First practical typewriter was made here in 1873; first bolt type army magazine rifle in 1878; first transmission of electricity for power printing in 1884. A great many useful and important inventions have been here perfected in the Remington works.

Great quantities of Lee-Enfield rifles were made here for Great Britain and the United States during the World war (1914-1918).

Beautiful Ilion Gulf road south to Unadilla river. Oak Hill on north Mohawk shore, opposite Ilion, is 580 ft. above river. Steele's creek or the Gulf Stream here enters Mohawk.

70  FRANKFORT  25

By New York Central R.R. (from North Frankfort station), New York, 227 m., Buffalo, 212 m.; sea elevation, 383 ft.

New York, 234 m., Buffalo, 214 m., by highway. 1920 population, 4,198. Village incorporated 1863. Chief manufactures are (1921) hoes, forks, chucks, castings and road building machinery. Bridge here across Mohawk to Central station, called North Frankfort. Moyer creek here enters Mohawk through picturesque Frankfort Gulf.

Settled by Palatine Germans in 1723, one of whom, Laurence Fatrank, had a fortified house called Frank's Fort, which gave the place its name. Frankfort Gulf road runs south to Unadilla river.

Barge canal, west to Rome, 25 m., follows largely a land cut channel. River flats widen out west of Frankfort.

Three m. west is Dutch Hill on south shore, 1,060 ft. sea elevation and 680 ft. above Mohawk. Five m. w. is Lock No. 19 on the canal near Sterling creek, entering Mohawk on north side. Central crosses canal from north to south shore, about 3 m. east of Utica.

This bridge marks approximately the half-way point (253 m.) on the New York-Buffalo waterway (over Hudson river and Erie section, Barge canal), 507 miles in all.

The hamlet of Harbor is passed about 6 m. w. of Frankfort, and 2 m. e. of Utica city limits.

About opposite Harbor and almost three miles north of the north side Mohawk Turnpike is Bell Hll, 1,582 feet above the sea and 1,178 above the Mohawk. This is the highest hill along the Mohawk rising directly from the river flats.

Utica park lies just outside the eastern limits of Utica.

77  NEW YORK STATE MASONIC HOME  18

At the eastern limits of the city of Utica and the county of Oneida is the Home of the Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York. One of the finest homes in the world conducted by a fraternal order. It admits Masons, their wives and children. Main building (opened in 1892), children's building, chapel, Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hospital and other buildings located on beautiful grounds and farm at the foot of Frankfort Hill (1,420 ft. sea elevation and 1,016 ft. above the Mohawk). Starch Factory creek runs through Home grounds. Frederick T. Proctor park adjoins and south shore Mohawk Turnpike and trolley line (to Utica and Rome on west and Little Falls on east) runs directly along north front of Home grounds. (See body of the book for description.)

80  UTICA  15

By New York Central R.R., New York, 237 m., Buffalo, 202 m.; sea elevation, 404 ft.

New York, 244 m., Buffalo, 204 m., by highway. 1920 population, 94,156; with suburbs, over 100,000. Incorporated as a village in 1798, chartered a city in 1832. Large trading, manufacturing and transportation center. County seat of Oneida county. Chief manufactures are (1921) white goods (cotton cloth), cotton yarn, cloth and worsteds, heating furnaces, metal furniture, firearms, locomotive repairing, machinery, brass goods, automobile and wheel rims, springs, metal goods, cutlery, engines, clothing, food products, cigars, printing, paper gods, woodworking, furniture, pearl buttons, knit goods, caps, fire apparatus, fire alarms, paper, fishing rods, fishing tackle, organs, luggage, street sweepers, germicides, radiators, etc. Great quantities of Lewis machine guns were made here for the Allies during the World war (1914-1918). Headquarters of the Dairymen's League.

Knit goods manufacture is Utica's leading industry with cotton cloth and cotton goods (white goods) the second. Utica is (1922) the first city in New York State in white goods manufacture and the second in knit goods and the first city in the Unites States in general textile industry.

Oneida county is important agricultural and dairying country. Utica was formerly the chief U.S. cheese market. Watertown is now the leading state cheese market.

Bridge here crosses the Mohawk. Motorists, going east, have option of either north or south shore roads, both generally good; the south shore road is (1921) generally preferred. Road west on south shore to Oriskany Battlefield is to be improved to Rome, the north shore being the State and best road in 1921.

Utica is an important Barge canal port, with large terminal docks. Canal channel westward to Rome, 15 m., follows land line cut north of the Mohawk channel.

Old Indian trail center (trails running north, south, east and west) and cross roads of early valley highways. This fact and river ford here located the city. Site of British Colonial post of Old Fort Schuyler (1758-1760), just east of Central station.

Valley American army here crossed (August 5, 1777) Mohawk to the south shore on way to the Battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777. General Herkimer's force camped here night after Oriskany battle and the wounded General went east by boat to Fort Herkimer that night. Utica settled about 1785, largely by Yankees and Welsh (city and county). John Post built river dock, opened a river freight and passenger boat line (to Schenectady) and a general store here in 1790. Mohawk Turnpike (east to Schenectady) and Seneca Turnpike (west to Buffalo) improvements begun in 1800. Town was a great river, turnpike, canal and railroad early transportation center and figured largely in American troop movements of War of 1812. Erie canal opened to Rome in 1819. City chartered 1832. Utica & Schenectady railroad opened 1836. Utica & Syracuse railroad opened 1839. Manufacture of white goods (cotton cloth) begun in 1848. Utica was home of James S. Sherman, U.S. Vice-President (1912-1916), and Gov. Horatio Seymour, Democratic presidential candidate against Grant in 1868.

Armory of K, L, Hdq. Cos., 10th Infantry, Troop G, 101st Cavalry, New York National Guard.

Oneida Indian ceremonial boulder at Forest Hill cemetery. Extensive beautiful city park system. House of U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling. Statue of Gen. Von Steuben (drill master of the Revolution) and Vice President Sherman. Oneida County Historical Society building, collections open free to the public.

The name of Utica comes from the ancient Phoenecian city of north Africa, which supplanted Carthage after its conquest by the Romans. Utica is the central great city of New York State the exact geographical center being eighteen miles west, south of the New York-Buffalo Highway at Eaton Hill.

Utica is "the Cross Roads of New York State." It is also known as "the City of Beautiful Parks." Oneida Indian name was Yah-nun-da-sis, meaning "trail around the hill," referring to Forest hill at the southern city limits. Nearby hills, with their distances from the Utica City Hall and the elevation above the Mohawk are: Smith hill, 4 m. n. e., 803 ft; Bell hill, 7 m. n. e., 1,178 ft.; Frankfort hill, 5 m. s. e., 1,016 ft. Utica is also called "The City of Trees," referring to its beautiful elm-shaded streets. Utica is the chief center of Welsh immigration (beginning before 1800) into the United States. Large Italian colony in Utica.

Genesee street leads west to Syracuse, 50 m., Buffalo, 204 m. (over old Seneca turnpike), also south to Susquehanna valley. 9 m. southwest is Hamilton college, at Clinton. Roads north run through Black River valley to St. Lawrence and Thousand Islands, north and northeast into Adirondacks. Terminus of New York Central Black River and St. Lawrence branches and of Utica terminal branches of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R.R. and the New York, Ontario & Western R.R. New York Central and West Shore R.R. service. Railroad traffic radiates from the Union station.

Aeroplane flying field at Utica. Utica has electric railway connections with Little Falls, Rome, Clinton, and Oneida to Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo; bus lines to West Winfield, Clayville, Rome, Sylvan Beach, Boonville, Old Forge, Hinckley, Cleveland, etc.

The south shore Mohawk river road is the old Colonial and Revolutionary military road to Fort Stanwix (latter, 1776, Fort Schuyler) at present Rome. On it, just west of the Utica city limits, is the village of Yorkville and west of Yorkville lies Whitesboro, which with New York Mills (south of Yorkville) all form part of the western Utica city district.

On to Part III